Cancerous Genes: Their Presence In Human Dna

1484 words - 6 pages

Cancerous Genes:Their Presence in Human DNADuring the past decades, biology has evolved drastically into a revolutionary science, constantly making new breakthrough discoveries. It has only been recently that scientists have been able to clone a sheep or perform stem cell research. However, people like Colorado Governor Richard Lamm argue that biomedical research hasn't made any contribution to the advancement of human health. As in the words of J. Michael Bishop in "Enemies of Promise," "When scientists fail to meet unrealistic expectations they are condemned by critics" (239-40). These critics of scientific research do not realize the concept of trial and error, which has brought us penicillin from bread mold and electricity from the spark of a key during an electrical storm. Currently scientists are researching cancerous genes in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). Testing involves examining a person's DNA from a sample of cells, blood, and sometimes bodily fluids or tissue in order to find something abnormal that could be a disorder or illness, which in this case would be cancer. The predisposition of both breast and colorectal cancer can be found in flaws in human genome structure though presently they are not accurate enough to predict a future case of cancer.To understand how genes can uncover the predisposition of cancer, it is imperative to understand that cancer is caused by damaged genes. In other words, the genes that organize cell reproduction become impaired, causing the cell to reproduce incessantly and unendingly, eventually spreading growths throughout the body ("Genetic Testing for Cancer and Other Diseases"). With this information the correlation between genetics and cancer is apparent and explains scientific belief.Contrary to what would be expected, the study of DNA has only flourished in the past decade. Still, many advances have been made, despite the short time invested in the issue. "Today, at least 12,000 different mutations have been detected in more than 600 different genes, and this number is growing rapidly" ("Genetic Testing for Cancer and Other Diseases"). For example, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, and heart disease are detectable through predictive gene tests ("Statement on Use of DNA Testing for Presymptomatic Identification of Cancer Risk: Commentary - National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research"). The number of actual known genes is little but it is expected for the number to grow quickly within the next five to ten years (Mathew 326). At this rate, the prospects for innovation are enormous, further encouraging the notion that cancer genetic.So far, in what relates to cancer, few discoveries have been made. According to test results on human DNA performed at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, researchers were able to detect 91 percent of cancers and 73 percent of pre-cancerous polyps (Cohen). This is assumed to be linked with the fact that "all cancer is genetic, in that it is triggered by altered...

Review of article "Chief Marketing Officers: A Study of Their Presence in Firms 'Top Management Teams" written by Pravin Nath & Vijay Mahajan

1330 words - 5 pages correlations between variables in a representative sample renders external validity to the study (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The Booze Allen Hamilton study was confirmed as their sample revealed that more firms employed a CFO than a CMO.ResultsThe hypotheses that innovation, differentiation, branding strategy and an outside CEO indicate CMO presence were confirmed with high probability. Nevertheless, they do not consider that a corporate branding

Discuss the estimation of the number of transcriptional enhancers in the human genome, and how to study their regulatory activity

2067 words - 8 pages Discuss the estimation of the number of transcriptional enhancers in the human genome, and how to study their regulatory activityWord Count : 1530IntroductionAn enhancer is a DNA region that can be bound with transcription factor protein or activators to up regulate transcription of a gene or genes (Pennacchio et al., 2013). Transcription of a gene refers to the start of gene expression when a particular DNA segment is transcribed into RNA using

To what extent has DNA technology helped our understanding of human colonisation and the spread of agriculture in Europe over the past 10 000 years? How is this supported by language evidence?

1741 words - 7 pages questions about the origins of modern man is far from conclusive. For example studies using DNA of human mitochondria, indicates that the population began to spread world wide between 40,000 and 70,000 yr ago. This differs with the anatomical evidence which suggests that there were presence of "anatomically modern" humans by 90,000yr in Western Asia and possibly in China and Australia by 60,000yr ago. The mtDNA appears to support the

What Is Shirley Jackson, in her short story "The Lottery," suggesting about human societies and their traditions?

941 words - 4 pages introduced caning to Singapore when it was their colonial empire. Singapore government is ruthless about keeping the city safe and clean. In Southeast Asia, Singapore and Malaysia are the only two countries that practice caning. Convicted criminals are caned in Singapore not only for serious crimes but also non-violent offenses such as vandalism, overstaying one's visa or illegal immigration. They think some people did not get enough discipline at

GENETICS OF CANCER

1619 words - 7 pages DNA when it enters the cells. Maybe we could prevent cervical cancer using this technique. 7. For both breast and cervical cancer, we could use some molecules that will specifically target the regulatory portions of DNA in the cancerous cells. By targeting the regulatory sequences, we could inhibit them which will have a negative impact on their gene expression. 8. Using techniques that will make a cell’s checkpoint system stricter, that will make

Genetic Engineering

1768 words - 7 pages evidence to support the idea that many common cancers are caused by this sequence of events, and gene cloning technique have played an important part in the research involved. The next logical step is to see whether it is possible to stop the growth of cancers by replacing the missing genes or their products in the cancerous cells that lack them. Human bone cancer cells implanted into mice with natural resistance to cancer normally grow into

How Cancer Effects the Cells, the Body, and their Offspring

1020 words - 4 pages Have you ever wondered how cancer forms? Well, cancer starts when a cell's DNA becomes altered. When the DNA is altered, the cells reproduce without restriction and do not die like a normal cell. These extra cells form a mass of tissue that is a tumor. Cancer forms in the genes of our cells, and is able to be carried in the offspring of the person with cancer. The cells are the basic units of life. Cells contain

Cancer and Epigenetics

1956 words - 8 pages (Kanwal, 303). For example, when a child enters puberty their body experiences a large number of changes; these changes are often the result of genes being activated through epigenetic processes. Three key processes by which epigenetic changes occur are: DNA methylation, histone modification, and gene regulation by noncoding RNA (or microRNA). These processes are significant because each has been found to alter cells in a ways leading to cancer

Cancer 2

1082 words - 4 pages Introduction to Cancer The individual unruly cell that has escaped the normal regulatory control mechanisms is the basic unit of cancer.Inside the nucleus is a substance called DNA, which contains genetic information for the body, organized in units called genes. These genes contain the complete plans for the body. They determine weather you have a blue or a green eye, weather you will have two or four legs, etc. They send out information that

Ancient DNA

1038 words - 5 pages Ostelogical analysis is a very important process in understand our past. There are so many things that bones could tell us; the range of knowledge is great, we can determine where the remains came from their approximate age, their sex, their diet and even their death. There are so many different kinds of analysis that can be done from using ancient DNA to analyzing Stable Isotopes. Analysis of Ancient DNA hold an important key to solving the

Causes, Prevention, and Treatment Methods of Cervical Cancer

2168 words - 9 pages HPV Testing). HPV testing is completed through harvesting cells from a patient’s cervix and microscopically examining them to see if they contain the human papillomavirus DNA or RNA; it primarily reveals the presence of an HPV infection rather than cellular abnormalities (Pap and HPV Testing). Screening guidelines were updated in March of 2012 by organizations such as the American Cancer Society, the United States Preventative Services Task Force

The Human Genome Project Was Designed To Identify All The Approximate 20,000 25,000 Genes In Human In Dna, Determine The Seque

1303 words - 5 pages condition in more effective ways. Furthermore, while the Genome Project promises to improve our understanding of genes and their effects on human health, the research may also generate a number of complex ethical and social implications. The following points are some of the issues that have been discussed about the human genome project; The Fairness of how genetic information is used by insurers, employers, courts, schools

The Differences In Human And Animal Genes

831 words - 4 pages Imagine piles of innocent animals dead on the streets for human’s selfish necessities. Hundreds die every day and more continue to fall under a microscope and knife regardless of campaigns and protests. The major issue with animal testing regards the differences in human and animal genes and the accuracy of the results fail. Technology surpasses animal testing, therefore, testing animals for scientific, medical, and cosmetic reasons is useless

There Are More Than 1012 Different Antibody Molecules In The Human Body. How Can Our Body Make More Antibodies Than There Are Genes In The Genome?

931 words - 4 pages There are more than 1012 different antibody molecules in the human body. How can our body make more antibodies than there are genes in the genome? Explain the genetic rearrangement mechanism to produce the antibody diversity. Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are a group of structurally related proteins produced by plasma cells, secreted into the serum or tissue fluids, and characterized by certain physicochemical and biological properties

Discuss The Part Played By Apparently Minor Characters In The Novel "Beloved", Indicating What You Think Are The Effects Of Their Presence

981 words - 4 pages experience, the belonging turns into ownership because of slavery.In conclusion, many of the minor characters play an equal role to that of the main characters in the sub-plots of memories. Their presence reinforces the themes, images, and feelings that are prevalent through the book.