Discussion Of The Contribution Of Dunning's Eclectic Theory

1951 words - 8 pages

"Technological changes, particularly in the space-shrinking technologies of transport and communication, help to make possible the internationalization of economic activity and the development and geographical spread of transnational corporations" (Dicken, 1992, p.120). These changes have made a great explosion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the last 20 years throughout the world. FDI has been growing at a high rate, and trade barriers have fallen extensively at the same time (De Santis and Stahler, 2003; Javalgi, Griffith, and White, 2003).FDI itself is a form of investment that is best suited to provide risk sharing in a world economy where financial contracts are plagued by imperfect enforcement mechanisms (Albuquerque, 2003). There are numerous factors that can influence a firm's decision to undertake FDI. Some FDI may be undertaken to reduce the firm's costs; some of the decision to engage in FDI may be affected by such demand factors as developing access to new customers, exploiting competitive advantages, etc. In addition, political considerations and environmental issues may also play a role in FDI (Mahoney, Trigg, Griffin, and Pustay, 2001). In short, the fundamental purpose of any business firm to engage in FDI, of course, is to make a profit (Hill, 2000).One of the examples of FDI is the foreign investment made by Citigroup Inc to buy South Korea's KorAm Bank for US$ 2.7 billions. Under the cautious agreement, the world's largest lender will pay about 3 trillion won or about 16,000 won per share, for KorAm's stock (Jae-kyoung, 17 February 2004; Agence France Presse English, 23 February 2004). The question is, why a company like Citigroup Inc does not bulk up on consumer bank acquisitions in its domestic market as what their rivals (such as: Bank of America and J.P. Morgan) has done? Furthermore, Reuters reported that Citigroup Inc is looking for growth in Asia's developing markets after already buying banks in Mexico and Poland. "It's a large under-served market from our point of view. The Korean financial services market is only opening now. There are a whole series of markets...that are now opening to foreign direct investment. What we have accomplished in Mexico with Banamex or Poland with Handlowy, we feel we can accomplish in a number of Asian countries," Deryck Maughan, chief executive of Citigroup International (Reuters, 23 February 2004).But, even if the market in foreign country is good, does a company will directly, without any considerations, decide to make an investment? Of course not, in order to make profit when internationalizing business, first of all, business firms have to answer this question "Is there any advantages to producing abroad?" This issue was then incorporated by John Dunning in his eclectic theory, which combines location advantage, ownership advantage (Ownership advantage theory), and internationalization advantage (Internalization theory) to form a unified theory of FDI. In addition, Dunning's...

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A Critical Review Against Dunning's Eclectic Theory

5612 words - 22 pages INTRODUCTIONIt is true of everything that the first steps ate both the most important and the most difficult. To begin with, theorization consists of a set of definitions of concepts. The basic concepts underlying the eclectic theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE)(1) are currently being criticized by the internalization theorists(2) in that the 'ownership advantage' is 'double counting,' that is, the internalization and location factors

With Reference To At Least Three Companies Of Your Choice, Critically Evaluate Dunning's Eclectic Paradigm As A Framework Explaining The Reasons Why Companies Engage In Foreign Direct Investment

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